An Exception is an unwanted event that disrupts the normal flow of a program during runtime. It is an object of the Throwable class and can be handled using try-catch blocks.

• Checked exceptions → Compile-time exceptions (e.g., IOException, SQLException).
• Unchecked exceptions → Runtime exceptions (e.g., NullPointerException, ArithmeticException).
• Errors → Serious issues that cannot be recovered (e.g., OutOfMemoryError).

Exception handling is performed using:

• try → Block of code to monitor for exceptions.
• catch → Handles the exception.
• finally → Executes always, used for cleanup code.
• throw → Used to explicitly throw an exception.
• throws → Declares exceptions a method can throw.

• throw → Used to explicitly throw an exception object.
• throws → Declares exceptions that a method might throw.

• It prevents program termination during runtime errors.
• Makes applications more robust and reliable.
• Provides a structured way to detect and recover from errors.